REMIND2.1: transformation and innovation dynamics of the energy-economic system within climate and sustainability limits

Abstract. This paper presents the new and now open-source version 2.1 of REgional Model INvestments Development (REMIND). REMIND, as an integrated assessment model (IAM), provides view global energy–economy–emissions system explores self-consistent transformation pathways. It describes a broad range possible futures their relation to technical socio-economic developments well policy choices. REMIND is multiregional incorporating economy detailed representation energy sector implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). uses non-linear optimization derive welfare-optimal regional pathways energy-economic subject climate sustainability constraints for time horizon from 2005 2100. The resulting solution corresponds decentralized market outcome under assumptions perfect foresight agents internalization external effects. enables analyses technology options approaches change mitigation with particular strength representing scale-up technologies, including renewables integration power markets. code organized into modules that gather relevant specific topics. Interaction between different made explicit via clearly defined sets input output variables. Each module can be represented by realizations, enabling flexible configuration extension. spatial resolution depends on data. Thus, framework used variety applications customized form, balancing requirements detail overall runtime complexity.